The effects of forest degradation on ecosystems sciencing. Identification of deforestation and forest degradation. Land use and land cover change lulcc, mainly deforestation and forest degradation, are responsible for 1725% of annual anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that are a principal factor in global warming bernstein et al. Penny environmental and developmental consultantpractitioner, cape town, south africa keywords. Just over a quarter of global forest loss is due to deforestation through permanent land use change for the production of commodities, including beef, soy. Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in vietnam. Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is then converted to a nonforest use. Reducing deforestation in the tropics is likely to have additional benefits as well, such as preserving biological diversity and sustaining livelihoods for the rural poor and for indigenous communities and cultures. By contrast, degradation is a gradual process through which a forest s biomass declines, its species composition changes or its soil quality declines.
Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in myanmar. Unpacking realities shaping community actions lalisa a. Disclaimer the authors views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the united states agency for international development or the united states government. Action on the full suite of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation will reinforce the eus position as a leader on biodiversity conservation, sustainable development and climate action. Also, on the island of borneo, lulcc, that is, deforestation and forest degradation, has been among the most critical issues over the past several decades bryan et al. The unfccc definition of forest degradation is direct humaninduced longterm loss persisting for x years or more of at least y per cent of forest carbon stocks and forest values since time t, in a manner that does not qualify as deforestation penman et al. Deforestation, poverty, institutional failure, heckman selection model. Distribution of the forest cover of the countries of the congo basin. Naturebased solutions such as forest landscape restoration flr can reverse the effects of deforestation and degradation and regain the ecological, social, climatic and economic. A new synthesis on drivers of deforestation and forest degradation was published during the bangkok climate change negotiations.
A 34year perspective article pdf available in remote sensing 1012. There were several underlying indicators of deforestation and forest degradation including initial forest cover, per capita income, agricultural production, governance, population growth, food, and poverty. Pdf monitoring of deforestation and forest degradation. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The cbd programme of work on forests, which aims to reduce the loss of forest biodiversity associated.
Deforestation and forest degradation were most notable in the north central, northeast, central highland, and northwest areas of the nation. However, they are considered the main emissions sources in most developing countries. Deforestation and forest degradation as an environmental behavior. Proximate causes of p deforestation and forest degradation direct drivers as well as underlying forces indirect drivers are elaborated. Distribution of the forest cover by forest type for the countries of the congo basin. About 31% of earths land surface is covered by forests. Effects of deforestation and forest degradation on forest carbon stocks in collaborative forests, nepal article pdf available in international journal of conservation science 34. Deforestation and forest degradation due to gold mining in the peruvian amazon. Deforestation and forest degradation account for 11 per cent of greenhouse gas ghg emissions, more than the entire global transportation sector and second. Pdf deforestation and forest degradation due to gold.
Demandside interventions to reduce deforestation and. In this case, agriculture is the main immediate driver of deforestation, which is influenced by underlying factors, such as the expansion of the road network, the proximity to previous clearings, high population densities, and climatic factors such as low annual rainfall, and long dry seasons kirby et al 2006. But when forests are cut, burned or otherwise removed they emit carbon instead of absorb carbon. Agriculture is the direct driver for worldwide deforestation. Stepping up eu action on deforestation and forest degradation. The deforestation variable is binary 0 or 1, whereas the degradation variable cannot be, at the risk of oversimplification.
Deforestation is a particular concern in tropical rain forests because. Deforestation and forest degradation eu redd facility. Zero net deforestation by 2020 should be translated to its equivalent in reduction of forestbased ghg emissions in the post 2012 treaty under the unfcc. Forest degradation food and agriculture organization of the. Forests are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet. Deforestation, forest degradation, biodiversity loss and co2. Impact of tropical deforestation and forest degradation on. This becomes an issue for farmers who deforested the land to plant crops. Deforestation, forest degradation and the conversion of ecosystems such as savannahs are key drivers of the climate emergency, and are also known to cause other severe environmental and social impacts. Over half of all terrestrial species live in rainforests, which are subject to the greatest deforestation pressures. Deforestation and forest degradation deforestation and forest degradation are the biggest threats to forests worldwide. Demandside interventions to reduce deforestation and forest degradation acknowledgements increasing recognition of the role that commodity demandside measures can play to address deforestation has resulted in a recent surge in efforts to assess progress and chart ways forward.
The role of women in deforestation and forest degradation in. Considerable uncertainty remains in our knowledge of deforestation, degradation, and forest fragmentation. The state of the greater mekongs forests and the everyday people working to protect them application pdf, 30. However, it is not possible to estimate the resultant loss of forest cover due to the lack of data. Basic concepts of deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation 2. Forest degradation is a process in which the biological wealth of a forest area is permanently diminished by some factor or by a combination of factors. If the eu is to be a credible global force in forest protection and achieve zero deforestation by 2020, substantial progress in flegt implementation and agreement on further measures to exclude deforestation from supply chains must be achieved in the coming years.
The lack of a landuse policy and related landuse law was a key driver. Gabon also plans to substantially increase its agricultural production by extending the use of arable land. Over half of the tropical forests worldwide have been destroyed since the 1960s, and every second. Unfccc 2010 outcome of the work of the ad hoc working group on longterm cooperative action under the conventionpolicy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. Pdf effects of deforestation and forest degradation on. It published a roadmap1 towards a communication, which the commission is expected to adopt in the second quarter of 2019. The report stresses the importance of knowing what drives. Fao 2010 for the period 200010 b of deforestation drivers, and of the relative disturbed forest area fraction of degradation drivers c, based on data from 46 tropical and subtropical countries. Isbn 9789515120762 pdf issn 07868170 unigrafia oy helsinki 2016. Deforestation and forest degradation are the biggest threats to forests worldwide. That pressure is evident in this pair of images showing deforestation in gishwati forest, a protected area in the northwestern part of the country, not far from lake kivu. Deforestation and forest degradation when agriculture, mining, urban development or other land uses replace forest, the land is said to have experienced deforestation. It is estimated that globally, deforestation and forest degradation account for around 11 percent of co 2 emissions.
Proposals may be adapted to address local and regional causes of deforestation. Forest loss is being driven by various factors, including commodity production, forestry, agriculture, wildfire, and urbanization. Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in kilwa district. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers. The drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in belize are directly associated to the lack of implementation of forestry legislation of belize coupled with the current national economic development strategy that is in effect by the government of belize. Causes, effects and control strategies 5 deforestation are maintained. Tackling illegal logging, deforestation and forest. This study is not intended to validate or challenge these narratives. Particularly the research aimed at identifying what is driving deforestation and forest degradation in dzalanyama forest reserve. Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is then converted to a non forest use. Introduction understanding drivers of deforestation and degradation is fundamental for the development of policies and measures content from this work may be used under the terms.
The objective of this report is to identify and analyze the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in houaphan rovince as the subnational jurisdiction. Measuring and monitoring forest degradation for redd. The changes in area of forest by region and subregion are shown in table 1. Deforestation and forest degradation impact the lives of 1. Deforestation and forest degradation as an environmental. Public consultation on stepping up eu action against. Deforestation and forest degradation in southern burkina. Distribution of the causes of deforestation and forest degradation in different regions of the planet. Deforestation and forest degradation have negative impact on environment and drives the climate change 8, 9. Biodiversity loss can occur during selective logging as well. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests. The role of women in deforestation and forest degradation. Reducing emissions from the tropical deforestation and forest degradation redd in developing countries has emerged as new potential to complement ongoing climate policies.
Stepping up eu action on deforestation and forest degradation greenpeaces contribution to the eu public consultation in december 2018, the european commission announced plans to act on deforestation and forest degradation. Naturebased solutions such as forest landscape restoration flr can reverse the effects of deforestation and degradation and regain the ecological, social, climatic and. In addition, land administration is fraught with overlaps in jurisdictional authority and bureaucratic inefficiency. Pdf drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in. Thirty per cent of the earth s land area or abou t 3. Climate change is a pressing global issue and it negatively affects many developing countries, including vietnam. Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation forest carbon. The idea consists in providing financial compensations for the reduction of greenhouse gas ghg emissions from deforestation and forest degradation 22. Forest degradation occurs when the ecosystem functions of the forest are degraded but where the area remains forested rather cleared anon. Although deforestation and forest degradation have declined, they are still serious in scope and quantity, especially in. This does not involve a reduction of the forest area, but rather a quality decrease in its condition.
This was because of the continued deforestation and forest degradation, which was partly offset by forest expansion including planting and an increase in growing stock per hectare in some regions bryant et. Deforestation and forest degradation represent a significant fraction of the annual worldwide humaninduced emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, the main source of biodiversity losses. Forest transition phase estimations of the relative area proportion a, and absolute net forest area change km 2 yr. Monitoring of deforestation and forest degradation using remote sensing and gis. To help vietnam effectively respond to this pressing challenge, the country has recently introduced a major program for reducing carbon emissions arising from deforestation and forest degradation, fostering conservation, managing forests sustainably, and enhancing forest carbon. Indeed some 31 countries do not even make the list because they have already removed most of their forests and even if that remain are seriously fragmented and degraded. Analysis on the causes of deforestation and forest. Deforestation and degradation of forests, particularly in the tropics, have dramatic consequences for biodiversity, the global climate and people.
Jan 14, 2019 an eu initiative against deforestation and forest degradation is a response to the persistence of the issue of global deforestation and the increasing awareness of the link between deforestation and agricultural expansion. When agriculture, mining, urban development or other land uses replace forest, the land is said to have experienced deforestation. This was because of the continued deforestation and forest degradation, which was partly offset by forest expansion including planting and an increase in growing stock per hectare in some regions bryant et al. Deforestation and forest degradation european commission. The most significant effect of forest degradation is loss of habitat leading to species loss. Tropical deforestation and forest degradation dd contribute approximately 15% of the annual global anthropogenic greenhouse gas ghg emissions. Deforestation and forest degradation in southern burkina faso.
Assessing forest degradation food and agriculture organization of. Halting deforestation is a costeffective action that has a clear impact in reducing global ghg emissions. The asian development bank is working with indonesia to address institutional, technical, and capacityrelated barriers for financing from the reduced emissions from deforestation and. Forests contain 5090 per cent of the worlds terrestrial biodiversity. Degradation of astanding forest, like deforestation, reduces carbonstorage,thequalityofspecieshabitat,andtheprovision of local ecosystem services, such as water quality. Action against deforestation and forest degradation en introduction section the overall objective of this initiative is to step up eu action against tropical deforestation and forest degradation by developing a more coherent and comprehensive approach to the problem. Deforestation and forest degradation in the congo basin ix.
These greenhouse gas emissions contribute to rising temperatures, changes in patterns of weather and water. Emissions from deforestation, and forest degradation, currently generate between 1520 per cent of global. For example, in sumatra, rainforests on deep peatlands are being cleared, drained. The main cause of deforestation is agriculture poorly planned infrastructure is emerging as a big threat too and the main cause of forest degradation is illegal logging. The forest is still there, but with fewer trees, or less species of trees, plants or animals, or some of them affected by plagues. Deforestation, forest degradation, biodiversity loss and co2 emissions in riau, sumatra, indonesia one indonesian provinces forest and peat soil carbon loss over a quarter century and its plans for the future wwf indonesia technical report. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation.
Pdf deforestation and forest degradation as an environmental. Rather, it is intended to highlight how the activities of women that are listed as drivers of deforestation might be impacted by measures aimed at curbing deforestation and forest degradation in liberia. Over half of the tropical forests worldwide have been destroyed since the. These greenhouse gas emissions contribute to rising temperatures, changes in patterns of weather and water, and an increased frequency of extreme weather events. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. According to fao, deforestation is the conversion of. By contrast, degradation is a gradual process through which a forests biomass declines, its species composition changes or.
Thus solving poverty and institutional failures would help solve deforestation problem of the study area. In addition to tremendous loss of biodiversity, the region experiences soil erosion and degradation and landslides. Marsfm working paper 5 2007 forestry department food and agriculture organization of the united nations manual on deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation using remote sensing and gis prepared by giri tejaswi rome, march 2007 strengthening monitoring, assessment and reporting on sustainable forest management in asia gcpint988jpn. Deforestation and forest degradation in the congo basin. Deforestation and forest degradation are responsible for around 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions. This research was carried out with the aim of assessing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in malawi. Introduction understanding drivers of deforestation and degradation is fundamental for the development of policies and measures content from. A study of the deforestation in komto forest in east. The eu, as a major importer of agricultural commodities, is part of the problem but can also be part of the solution. Introduction poverty reduction and natural resources conservation are. The degradation and loss of forests threatens the survival of many species, and reduces the ability of forests to provide essential services.
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